Penguin	Parade!!	There are 16 or 17 or 18 or more species/subspecies of penguins (lumpers vs. splitters) in the Southern oceans... and I've seen um all!!	Breeding info	Subantarctic Locations	Antarctic Locations
Great Penguins	Aptenodytes "Flightless Diver"	circumpolar below 50° S, to the deep ice pack	1 egg	45°S-60°S	below 60°S
Emperor - 45+"tall, 85-95 lbs! "March of the Penguins" - that's us. Also "Happy Feet", an Emperor who couldn't sing, so he danced...	breeds deep on Antarctic ice in dead of winter, are at sea the rest of the time... larger and slightly less colorful than Kings, beak shorter, curved more; black feet, brood pouch; chick cute!!		e-May-June i-65 days; by male only f -150 days m- Dec. mature=4 yrs.	fleeting chance of swimming by the ship but they stay below Antarctic Convergence	Continent only; or swimming by the ship
King - 37" tall when stretched, stand about 30"; 26 lbs. Handsome dudes!! More colorful than our big brothers. Wonderful whistling squeeky call with beaks raised, like "Kindergarden Kazoo Band!"	Beak colors can range from pink to rose to orange. Bright yellow or orange ear patches, and yellow under chin. Older ones have greenish sheen on top of head.	Sometimes these larger 2-legged things come to our land; they're kinda strange-acting, so we follow them everywhere they go... they keep watching us - nosy folk. And they make strange cooing and giggling noises	e- Nov-Mar i- 56 days f- 3 months m. Nov-Jan. chicks brown, wooly	Macquarie Is. South Georgia Marion Crozet Kerguelen Falklands
	Our 3-toed black feet and short legs only let us shuffle along the open beaches - we don't climb on rocks like our smaller cousins. We have a large fold of skin and feathers which makes a warm brood pouch, like our bigger brothers, the Emperors. We keep our egg or chick on our feet, under the pouch to keep them warm, off the cold rocks, and safe from Skuas. We tend to crowd together on beaches, sometimes a half million of us in one place!	We have to share our beach with these MUCH larger elephant seals. They don't usually eat us, but they SNORE so we give um lots of room. Even Skuas take baths in our streams - and they do eat our chicks...	breed 2x in 3 yrs, so some on eggs, some small or large chicks, some molting - colonies are noisy and busy!
Some of us look kinda scuzzy in this picture - that's cuz we have to come ashore, quit eating for a month, and change clothes. Need a new coat of feathers to keep warm in those cold ocean waters of the Southern Ocean!!		Our chicks get a fuzzy brown coat of down and are actually bigger than we are after a year of good food. When they get that big, we both take off to the sea, often for days, to gather fish and krill and bring a stomach-full back to our hungry kids, whom we recognize by voice, since we don't maintain a territory at all.
Brush-Tailed Penguins	Pygoscelis "Brush-tailed "	circumpolar below 50° S.	2 eggs, 1st chick lives
Adélie - 28-30" (stand 21"); 11 lbs.	We have a white eye-ring and black hood; light pink feet; short dark redish bill. Nest in colonies on rocks near ice with Chinstraps and or Gentoos; chicks chase parents for food, looks pretty silly! swim at 4.5 mph. named after Adéle d 'Urville	the original black and white tuxedo look! and the original penguin paraders!	e- Nov. i-34-37 days f-55 days, 7 wks	S. Orkney	S. Shetland, Peninsula, Continent
Chinstrap -27-30" (stand 20"), 9 ls.		black helmet held on by black chinstrap; black bill, black feet. Nest higher up than Adeles or Gentoos but always on bare rock nests. chicks in  creche; swim at 3 mph; oodles of um( 1 mil) in a caldera at Bailey's beach on Deception Is.	e- Nov i- 37 days f- 50-620 day m- March	S. Orkney S. Sandwich, Falklands, Chene, West Cays, South Georgia	S. Shetland, Peninsula, Continent
Gentoo - 30- 32" (stand 22-23"), 12-13 lbs.	We have a white "earmuffs " just above our eyes - otherwise we'd look like Adeles... We don't mind nesting where humans are, any ole nice spot in a tussoc of Poa grass, thank you. The kings are a nosy pain! They always have to nose into everyone's business!! We tend not to nest in colonies, but rather separated, and we usually rear 2 chicks.	We have bright orange beaks! We boys have bright orange webbed feet! the girls have a bit of pink; long brushy tail!	e- Oct. i-35 days f- 80 -117 days in N; 62-82 days in S m- March	Macquarie Is. South Georgia, Falklands	S.Shetlands, Peninsula
Crested Penguins	Eudyptes "Good Diver"	Subantarctic waters- no ice	2 eggs, 2nd one larger
Erect-crested 27" (stands 21")	Bright yellow feathers stand up above our eyes, even when wet! We have brown-red eyes and pinkish feet.	Nest on the rocks above high tide, have to go through thick kelp!	e-Oct i-33 days f-45 days m- Mar	Antipodes, Bounty Is., Campbell Is., Auckland Is. NZ only
Fiordland 28"	white and yellow feathers above red-brown eye	Nest in forest above rocks of fiords on South Island	f - Nov;80 days	Doubtful Sound, Fiordland NP, NZ
Macaroni 28" (stands 18") 9 lbs.	distinct from Royals who have long red and yellow feathers; we have only yellow	" put a feather in his cap and call him Macaroni "- that's how we got named. Embarrassing sorta.. We live on rocky shores too; safer there!	e- Oct. i- 35Days f- 60 days, Feb-Mar, m- Feb, Mar	South Georgia Crozet Kerguelan S Sandwich Marion Heard Falklands	S. Orkneys
Rockhopper 22-24" (stands 14"), 5-6 lbs. Several subspecies;	We really do hop far up on rocks!! Sometimes it's really hard to pop up among all that Antarctic kelp, but we make it and hop up on our rock piles to our nests. We climb up steep stuff with our strong toenails! We have long yellow feathers that fare out past our red eyes, and black spiky feathers on top - looks sorta punk! bill orange, feet white. We too make a lot of noise, like a bray!	Seems there are at least 3 subspecies of us- each has a slightly different hairdo; each limited to one remote island group.	e- Oct-Nov i- 34 days f- 70 days-Feb. m- March	E.c.c ssp- Cape Horn, Falklands, South Georgia; E.c.m ssp - Amsterdam Is. Tristan da Cunha E.c.f ssp - Macquarie, Antipodes, Campbell Is, NZ, Crozet, Kerguelan, Heard
Royal 28-30" (stands 18")		Yes, I know - bad hair day!! But none of the other crested penguins have both RED and yellow feathers in their caps, nor so long!! That's what makes us Royality, and different from the Maraconi... kinda like a colorful crown. Our beaks are orangish and our eyes bright red. We live only on Macquarie Island, Australia. We are probably related to the Macaroni penguins from the rest of the Subantarctic Islands, or they are related to us - whatever., but we're larger and way more colorful!	e- Oct	Macquarie -endemic (a few pairs on Falklands)
	We live on crowded (!!) hillsides, about 150 feet up a narrow gully from the beach. We don't have a nest, really - just a space. We keep the egg and our chick well tucked under us so the Skuas can't get at them. When our mates come up the hill, they call to us and we answer. Makes it kinda noisy around here - I sure don't know how my husband ever finds me, but he says something about how noisy I always am... but he's a good provider....
Snares Crested	We may be related to Fiordland penguins - we both nest in the forests under trees. We even sit on tree branches!! We have orange bills and red-brown eyes too. We bark and whistle, quack and squawk for our mates.	We have pretty good toenails which let us climb up this very steep granite slope way up to our nests in the trees. It's fun sliding down to the water!	e-Sept-Oct f- 75 days m- April	Snares Is. NZ endemic
Yellow-Eyed Penguin	Megadyptes "Large Diver"	NZ only
Yellow-eyed 30"hoiho	pretty restricted; we live on the South Island, NZ and a few of the southern islands only.		2 eggs, 2 chicks
	Yup, bright YELLOW eyes, and yellow feathers on our heads for good measure. Makes us really different looking.... So we hide and nest one at a time under trees in dense Rata forests. We go to sea early morning and return as it's almost dark so no one can see us...	We waddle from our forests down to the sea every morning. Our feet are pale flesh colored and our heads down to our beaks quite yellowish.	e- Sept-Oct i- 38-52 days f- Feb, 4-5 mo.	Endreby Is., Auckland Is, Campbell Is, South Island, NZ
Banded/Ringed Penguin	Spheniscus "Wedge-like"	cold oceans, but not toooo cold
Jackass, Cape, Blackfooted, African 27"	we nest in colonies under bushes on sandy beaches. Not too many of us left, as humans keep taking our beaches for homes.	we're noisy, like a bray- that's why some folk call us "Jackass"	f- 80 days	Cape of Good Hope, South Africa; endemic
Galapagos 21"	we nest on rocks on only one island. Isla Bartalome, Galapagos Is;		2x/year	Galapagos; endmeic
Humboldt 27"		we're on beaches on the cold water coasts of Chile and Peru	year round	Chile- Valparizo
Magellanic 28-30" (stands 15")	we're on beaches too. We nest in burrows under grass tussocks.		e- Sept-Oct i- 38-41 days f- Jan-Feb m- March	Chile-Straights of Magellian, Cape Horn; south Argentine coast, Falklands
Little Penguin	Eudyptula "Little Good Diver"	just AU and NZ	2 eggs
Blue, Fairy sub sp White-flippered 18"	feathers really are blue on back; tiny; nocturnal; subspecies of white-flippered on South Island, NZ, near Christchurch.		e- Sept-Oct i- 33-40 days f-Nov-Dec.	Fairy - S. Australia Blue - Chatham Is, Bluff Pen. NZ

Thanks to Heritage Expeditions and Rodney Russ who made 8 of these possible!! What a trip to Subantarctic New Zealand!!!!! Nov-Dec 2001

And Thanks to the Hanseatic who made 7 of these possible, including 3 new ones - all but the Emperor. What a trip to Antarctic Peninsula, South Georgia, Falklands!! Jan-Feb, 2002.

Finally got the Emperor going to the Ross Sea on the Kapitan Khlebnikov Jan 2005. Got yet another rockhopper on Tristan da Cunha (actually Nightengale Is) Feb. 2009.

"Penguin" is an island on the way to New Foundland - except those were Great Auks, the northern hemisphere cousin of penguins (Auks were recorded on this island in 1578, and were extinct by 1844. Flightless birds have a tuff time around humans!)

Spanish called um "pinguino" (still do) - maybe that's where the name came from?

Fossils - 35 species of fossil penguins have been identified so far!! 13 of these are from New Zealand, most of the rest from the Antarctic Continent. One from Antarctica was 170 cm tall, 68", 5' 8"!! Anthropornis = "man bird"; one from New Zealand was 164 cm tall, 65", Pachydyptes ponderous.

Penguins evolved over 60 million years ago from ancestors of the albatross, petrels, and shearwaters (tube-nose birds). Blue Penguin chicks have tubular noses still today!! Penguins are most closely related to the small diving petrels.

5/09JGW